Applied Physics > Quantum Physics > Quantum Field Theory
Quantum Field Theory (QFT) is a fundamental area of study within the realm of Quantum Physics that extends the principles of quantum mechanics to fields, encompassing both matter and interactions at subatomic scales. Unlike traditional quantum mechanics, which typically deals with individual particles and their wavefunctions, QFT treats particles as excitations in underlying physical fields that permeate space and time.
In QFT, fields are the primary entities. For instance, the electromagnetic field is described by the quantum field theory of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), and the strong interaction that binds quarks together in hadrons is described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). These fields are quantized at each point in space and time, leading to a rich and complex framework where particles are seen as quanta of these fields.
The mathematical framework of QFT relies heavily on the concept of operators and commutation relations. Fields are usually represented as operator-valued functions. For instance, a scalar field \(\phi(x)\) and its conjugate momentum \(\pi(x)\) satisfy the commutation relations:
\[ [\phi(x), \pi(y)] = i\hbar \delta(x-y) \]
where \(\delta(x-y)\) is the Dirac delta function, which ensures that the commutation holds only at the same point in space.
The dynamics of quantum fields are governed by Lagrangians or Hamiltonians, which encapsulate the energy densities of these fields. The action \(S\) of a field is given by the integral over spacetime of the Lagrangian density \(\mathcal{L}\):
\[ S = \int \mathcal{L} \, d^4x \]
where \(d^4x\) represents integration over the four-dimensional spacetime continuum. The principle of stationary action leads to the Euler-Lagrange equations, the solutions of which describe the behavior of the quantum fields.
Interactions in QFT are depicted through Feynman diagrams, which provide a graphical method of representing particle interactions and are essential tools for calculating scattering amplitudes. For instance, the transition amplitude for an interaction can be computed using the S-matrix, where each term in the perturbation series is associated with a particular Feynman diagram.
Quantization in QFT introduces particles as excitations of these fields. For instance, the quantization of the electromagnetic field results in photons, the quanta of the field. Fermionic fields, described by the Dirac equation, yield particles like electrons and quarks upon quantization.
Renormalization is a key process in QFT, addressing the infinities that arise in naïve perturbative calculations by systematically absorbing them into redefined physical parameters, thus yielding finite and physically meaningful results.
Overall, Quantum Field Theory provides a coherent and comprehensive framework for understanding the microcosmic world, playing a crucial role in the Standard Model of particle physics, and offering profound insights into the fundamental forces and particles that constitute the universe.