Psychology > Social Psychology > Group Behaviors
Group Behaviors
Group behaviors are a central concept within social psychology that examines how individuals behave in a collective context. This field investigates the ways in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are influenced by the presence of others, the dynamics of group interaction, and the situational context. The study of group behaviors involves understanding both the positive and negative outcomes of group involvement, such as cooperation, conformity, groupthink, and deindividuation.
Key Concepts:
- Social Facilitation and Inhibition:
- Social facilitation refers to the tendency of individuals to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when in the presence of others. Conversely, complex or new tasks may suffer from social inhibition, where performance decreases due to the pressure of an audience. This phenomenon is explained through the Yerkes-Dodson law, which posits an optimal level of arousal for peak performance.
- Conformity:
- Conformity is the change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure. Classic studies by Solomon Asch demonstrated that individuals often conform to a majority view even when it is evidently incorrect, highlighting the power of social influence.
- Groupthink:
- Coined by Irving Janis, groupthink is a psychological phenomenon wherein the desire for harmony or conformity in a group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome. Members suppress dissenting viewpoints, leading to a deterioration in mental efficiency and moral judgment.
- Deindividuation:
- Deindividuation occurs when individuals within a group lose self-awareness and self-restraint, often leading to impulsive and deviant behavior. This loss of individual identity can result in behaviors that are normally inhibited by personal or societal standards.
- Social Loafing:
- Social loafing describes the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone. This is often attributed to a diffusion of responsibility, where individuals feel less accountable for the outcome.
- Collective Behavior:
- This includes the spontaneous and unstructured behavior of a group in reaction to an event or situation. Examples are mobs, riots, or mass hysteria, where normal social and moral guidelines may be temporarily disregarded.
Theoretical Frameworks:
Social Identity Theory (SIT):
Developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner, SIT posits that individuals derive a part of their self-concept from their membership in social groups. Group identification can lead to in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination.Minimal Group Paradigm:
This experimental paradigm shows that people can form strong in-group loyalties and out-group biases even based on trivial or arbitrary distinctions, emphasizing the inherent tendency to categorize and form groups.
Applications:
Understanding group behaviors has real-world applications in multiple domains such as organizational settings, educational environments, and political movements. Strategies to mitigate negative group behaviors like groupthink include encouraging open communication, appointing a devil’s advocate, and promoting diverse team composition.
In summary, the examination of group behaviors within social psychology reveals intricate dynamics that govern how individuals interact within groups. By studying these behaviors, psychologists can develop insights into improving group decision-making, enhancing teamwork, and understanding the roots of collective actions.